Problems of childhood and education in the North are considered in the framework of the methodology of the international project ‘Children of the Arctic’ run by four countries: Finland, Norway, Russia, and Sweden. The central category of the project, the one that unifies the scientific interests of the partner countries if the psychosocial well-being with its similarities and differences across these countries. Presented is a philosophic and socio-pedagogic analysis of a child’s inner world. The authors draw the data from a survey of psychosocial well-being of the population of Murmansk region.